1. Payments Made as a Result of Unfair Enforcement Proceedings
If the debtor has had to make a payment from his/her assets as a result of an unfair enforcement proceeding, he/she may have made the payment without objecting to this situation. In this case, the debtor who can prove that the enforcement proceeding was unfair may file a reclaim lawsuit to get his/her payment back.
Example: As a result of enforcement proceedings initiated on behalf of a person by mistake, the debtor may have made a payment so that his/her real estate would not be seized. If it is later understood that the enforcement proceeding was actually wrong, he/she may file a reclaim lawsuit to get the payment back.
2. Payment of a Debt That Has Been Statuted to Limitations
Even if the debt has been statute-barred, the debtor may have made a payment to the creditor without knowing or taking this into consideration. In this case, the debtor may apply for a reclaim lawsuit to get the amount he/she has paid back.
Example: If the creditor requests payment again for a debt that has become statute-barred 10 years ago and the debtor makes the payment without realizing this request, he/she may file a reclaim lawsuit after learning that the debt has become statute-barred.
3. Payments Made as a Result of Error
If the debtor mistakenly makes an extra payment thinking that he is paying an existing debt, he has the right to file a lawsuit to have this mistake corrected.
Example: When paying an electricity bill, a person may have made two payments for the same month, thinking that he was paying the bill for the previous period. In this case, he may file a lawsuit to have the extra payment refunded.
4. Payments Made Despite the Existence of a Valid Debt
A debtor who can prove that a debt does not actually exist or that he was deceived by the creditor may request the refund of the payment he made.
Example: A company may have unfairly requested a bonus or debt from a former employee and received payment by putting the employee in a difficult situation with this request. The employee may request a refund by proving that the payment was unfair.
5. Failure to Fulfill the Condition in Conditional Payments
The debtor may have made a payment subject to a certain condition, but this condition may not have been fulfilled. In this case, a lawsuit may be filed to have the payment refunded.
Example: A construction company may have made an agreement with the landowner and made a certain installment payment that will be valid when the project is approved. However, if the project is not approved, the company may want to get its payment back.
6. Payments Made in Difficult Situation (In Case of Reluctance)
If the debtor feels in a difficult situation and is forced to make a payment under threat or pressure, he can take this situation to court and demand the money back from the person he made the payment.
Example: A merchant may have made a debt payment under unfair pressure in order not to lose his commercial reputation. In this case, he can file a lawsuit to get the payment back under duress.