The crime of fraud is defined as a person deceiving another person and obtaining an unfair advantage. Within the framework of the Turkish Penal Code (TCK), qualified cases of fraud impose more severe penalties depending on the manner in which the crime was committed or the circumstances in which the crime was committed. Qualified fraud crimes generally involve more complex and challenging legal issues. Therefore, they require special attention and meticulousness during the investigation phase. This article will examine in detail the qualified cases of fraud and the issues to be considered during the investigation phase.
Qualified Cases of Fraud According to the Turkish Penal Code, the qualified cases of fraud are as follows: Fraud Committed by a Public Official by Abuse of His/Her Office (TCK 158/1-a): This occurs when a public official commits fraud by abusing his/her public office.
Fraud Committed by Using a Weapon (TCK 158/1-b): This is the case when the crime is committed using a weapon. The use of a weapon increases the severity of the crime.
Use of Information Systems (TCK 158/1-c): Fraud is committed through computers or other information systems.
Fraud of Trusted Persons in Particular (TCK 158/1-d): The crime is committed by taking advantage of social trust and reliability.
Points to Consider During the Investigation Phase Evidence Collection and Protection Crime Scene Investigation: In fraud crimes, crime scene investigation is usually very comprehensive. Documents, electronic devices, bank accounts and other materials of suspects or institutions should be examined in detail.
Documents and Records: Documents, correspondence, contracts and other documents related to the fraud should be carefully collected and stored. These documents play a critical role in understanding how the fraud was committed and which methods were used.
Information Evidence: In fraud cases where information systems are used in particular, in-depth examination should be conducted on computers, phones, e-mails and other digital data. The integrity and security of the data should be ensured.
Suspect and Victim Statements Suspect Statement: When taking the suspect’s statement, details of the fraud and how the crime was committed should be asked. The suspect’s manner of committing the crime, purpose and cooperation status should be clearly stated.
Victim Statements: Victims’ statements provide information on how the fraud occurred and how the victim was affected. Victims’ statements are critical for detecting the crime and catching the criminals.
Determining the Qualified Form of the Crime Use of a Weapon: If a weapon was used in the crime, detailed information should be collected on the type, use and effects of the weapon. Evidence on how the weapon was used in the crime should be investigated.
Use of Information Systems: In frauds committed through information systems, how the systems are used, how data is manipulated and the analysis of digital traces are important.
Use of Trust: Especially in frauds committed through trusted individuals or institutions, it should be determined how trust is used and how the fraud is committed within this relationship of trust.
Legal Assessment and Indictment Preparation Scope of Qualified Crime: The qualified form of fraud affects the amount of the penalty and jurisdiction. Therefore, it is important to clearly define qualified forms and determine the judicial framework of the crime when making a legal assessment.
Criminal Liability and Defense: The suspect’s defense rights should be taken into account. Defense strategies should be evaluated in accordance with the evidence and the suspect’s objections regarding the crime should be carefully considered.
Coordination and Communication Communication with Competent Authorities: Coordination should be ensured between the police, prosecutors and other competent authorities, information sharing and cooperation should be ensured.
Expert Opinions: In complex cases such as cybercrimes or the use of weapons, expert opinions should be obtained and technical analyzes should be made.
Custody cases are important legal processes carried out to protect the best interests of the children of parents in the divorce process. Children’s education rights are one of the frequently discussed and emphasized issues in this process. Education is a basic need for the development of children, and issues such as school selection and the education process are of great importance in custody cases. In this article, we will discuss custody and children’s education rights, school selection and the education process in detail.
Custody and Education Rights: Basic Principles Definition of the Right to Education The Right to Education in International and Local Law: Children’s right to education is guaranteed by the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child and local laws. This right ensures that the child receives quality education regardless of factors such as age, grare and economic status.
Custody and Education: The right to custody also covers decisions regarding the child’s education. In the event of divorce, the parents’ e